Experience the dramatic landscapes of the Hudson River with Fall Foliage cruise from American Cruise Lines. Celebrate the season and our nation's history with us. North River is an alternate name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States.

The across the Hudson River as seen from Country States, Tributaries - left Boreas River,,,,,,, - right,,,,,,, / City Source Near or at or near or at (See ) - location,, - elevation 4,590 ft (1,399 m) - coordinates 'Mount Marcy, NY' 1:25,000 quadrangle, Mouth - location and,, - elevation 0 ft (0 m) - coordinates: Length 315 mi (507 km) Depth 61.6 m (202 ft) Basin 14,000 sq mi (36,260 km 2) Discharge for, max and min at - average 21,900 cu ft/s (620 m 3/s) - max 215,000 cu ft/s (6,088 m 3/s) - min 882 cu ft/s (25 m 3/s) Discharge elsewhere (average) - 15,000 cu ft/s (425 m 3/s). The Hudson and Rivers and their The Hudson River is a 315-mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern in the United States. The river originates in the of, flows through the, and eventually drains into the, between and. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York. The lower half of the river is a, deeper than the body of water into which it flows, occupying the Hudson, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow from as far north as. The river is named after, an Englishman sailing for the, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canada's is also named.

It had previously been observed by Italian explorer sailing for King in 1524, as he became the first European known to have entered the, but he considered the river to be an estuary. The Dutch called the river the – with the called the South River – and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of.

Settlements of the colony clustered around the Hudson, and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony. During the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of, the first internationally acclaimed American author.

In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the of, an American pastoral style, as well as the concepts of and. The Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. Counties Source. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Course [ ] Sources [ ] The source of the Hudson River is in the at an altitude of 4,322 feet (1,317 m). The river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. The river is named Feldspar Brook until its confluence with Calamity Brook, and then is named Calamity Brook until the river reaches Indian Pass Brook, flowing south from the outlet of. From that point on, the stream is cartographically known as the Hudson River.

The Hudson River flowing out of Henderson Lake in Tahawus Although numerous sources show the river originating directly at Henderson Lake, per the (USGS), the river cartographically begins at the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook near the outlet of Henderson Lake in, in the Adirondack Park. The of the Hudson River as shown on the most detailed USGS maps is the 'Opalescent River' on the west slopes of Little Marcy Mountain, originating two miles north of Lake Tear of the Clouds, and a mile longer than 'Feldspar Brook', which flows out of that lake in the.

Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source. Upper Hudson River [ ] South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the flows into the Hudson. The Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties. In the hamlet of, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the.

Further south, the river forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the from the. Shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under, and through, just south of although receiving no streamflow from the lake.

It next goes through. At this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. Here the river has an altitude of 200 feet.

Just south in, the river reaches its confluence with the, which historically provided boat traffic between New York City and and the rest of via the Hudson, and the. Further south the Hudson takes in water from the and Fish Creek near. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties. The river then enters the heart of the. It takes in water from the, which extends into. Shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in. The river then reaches the in, marking an impoundment of the river.

At an elevation of 2 feet (0.61 m), the bottom of the dam marks the influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River. Lower Hudson River [ ]. The river from the, looking north. South of the Federal Dam, the Hudson River begins to widen considerably.

The river enters the, flowing along the west bank of and the east bank of. Crosses the Hudson into Albany at this point in the river. The Hudson then leaves the Capital District, forming the boundary between Greene and Columbia Counties. It then meets its confluence with Schodack Creek, widening considerably at this point. After flowing by, the river then forms the boundary between Ulster and Columbia Counties and Ulster and Dutchess Counties, passing and. The meets the river at this point. The river then flows by, former residence of, and alongside the city of, flowing under the and the.

Afterwards, the Hudson passes and takes in. The river then forms the boundary between Orange and Dutchess Counties. It flows between and and under the, taking in the.

In this area, between Gee's Point at the and, an area known as 'World's End' marks the deepest part of the Hudson, at 202 feet (62 m). Shortly thereafter, the river enters the between Putnam and Orange Counties, flowing between mountains such as,, and. The river narrows considerably here before flowing under the, which connects Westchester and Rockland Counties.

The river between (left) and (right) Afterward, leaving the Hudson Highlands, the river enters, the widest point of the river at 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide. Shortly thereafter, the river forms the and flows under the, which carries the between and in Westchester and Rockland Counties respectively. South of the Tappan Zee Bridge, the west bank of the Hudson becomes Bergen and Hudson Counties of, and further south the east bank of the river becomes and then the neighborhood of the in New York City., large, rocky cliffs along the west bank of the river, begin along the west bank of the river opposite the Bronx. South of the confluence of the Hudson and, the east bank of the river becomes. The river is sometimes still called the at this point. The crosses the river between and the neighborhood of Manhattan. The and the also cross under the river between Manhattan and New Jersey.

South of, the river proper ends, meeting the to form, also known as New York Harbor. Its outflow continues through between and, under the, and into and the. Watershed [ ]. The bulk carrier Nord Angel breaking ice on the Hudson The lower Hudson is actually a tidal estuary, with tidal influence extending as far as the in. Strong tides make parts of New York Harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate. During the winter, ice floes may drift south or north, depending upon the tides. The Mahican name of the river represents its partially estuarine nature: muh-he-kun-ne-tuk means 'the river that flows both ways.'

The Hudson is often mistaken for one of the largest rivers in the United States, but it is an estuary throughout most of its length below Troy and thus only a small fraction of fresh water, about 15,000 cubic feet (425 m³) per second, is present. The mean fresh water discharge at the river's mouth in New York is approximately 21,400 cubic feet (606 m³) per second. The Hudson and its tributaries, notably the Mohawk River, drain a large area.

Parts of the Hudson River form, such as in the towns of and in New Jersey. The of the river varies from the north in Poughkeepsie to the south at Battery Park in New York City, though it usually lies near Newburgh.: 11 Geology [ ] The Hudson is sometimes called, in geological terms, a. The rising after the retreat of the, the most recent, have resulted in a that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river. The deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline,, is a rich fishing area. The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, extending to the edge of the. Along the river, the Palisades are of, or, the Highlands are primarily and with, and from Beacon to Albany, and, or mainly.: 13 The Narrows were most likely formed about 6,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.

Previously, Staten Island and were connected, preventing the Hudson River from terminating via the Narrows. At that time, the Hudson River emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through a more westerly course through parts of present-day northern New Jersey, along the eastern side of the to and then on into the Atlantic Ocean via.

A buildup of water in the Upper New York Bay eventually allowed the Hudson River to break through previous land mass that was connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn to form the Narrows as it exists today. This allowed the Hudson River to find a shorter route to the Atlantic Ocean via its present course between New Jersey and New York City.

Names [ ] The river was called Ca-ho-ha-ta-te-a ('the river') by the, and it was known as Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk ('river that flows two ways') by the tribe who formerly inhabited both banks of the lower portion of the river. The Delaware Tribe of Indians (Bartlesville, Oklahoma) considers the closely related Mohicans to be a part of the people, and so the Lenape also claim the Hudson as part of their ancestral territory, naming the river Muhheakantuck ('river that flows two ways'). The first known European name for the river was the Rio San Antonio as named by the Portuguese explorer in Spain's employ,, who explored the Mid-Atlantic coast in 1525.

Another early name for the Hudson used by the Dutch was Rio de Montaigne. Later, they generally termed it the Noortrivier, or ', the being known as the Zuidrivier, or 'South River'. Other occasional names for the Hudson included: Manhattes rieviere 'Manhattan River', Groote Rivier 'Great River', and de grootte Mouritse reviere, or 'the Great Mouritse River' (Mourits is a Dutch surname). The translated name North River was used in the up until the early 1900s, with limited use continuing into the present day. The term persists in radio communication among commercial shipping traffic, especially below the. The term also continues to be used in names of facilities in the river's southern portion, such as the,, and the. It is believed that the first use of the name Hudson River in a map was in a map created by the cartographer John Carwitham in 1740.

In 1939, the magazine described the river as 'America's Rhine', comparing it to the 40-mile (64 km) in Central and Western Europe. Various stretches of the river have their own historical names, many created by early Dutch explorers and settlers. The stretches all have similar sailing conditions, and the names were commonly used until the early common use of the steamboat. These names include, from north to south: the Great Chip Reach,,, Seylmakers' Reach, Crescent or Cook's Reach, Hoge's or High Reach, Martyr's or Martelaire Reach, Fisher's Reach, Lange Rack or Long Reach, Vasterack or Vaste Reach, Kleverack or, Backerack or Baker's Reach, Jan Playsier's Reach, and Hart's or Hunter's Reach.: 10 History [ ]. Main article: Pre-Columbian era [ ] The area around Hudson River was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived.

The,, and branches of the lived along the river, mostly in peace with the other groups. The Algonquins in the region mainly lived in small clans and villages throughout the area. One major settlement was called Navish, which was located at, overlooking the Hudson River. Other settlements were located in various locations throughout the. Many villagers lived in various types of houses, which the Algonquins called, though large families often lived in that could be a hundred feet long. At the associated villages, they grew corn, beans, and squash.

They also gathered other types of plant foods, such as hickory nuts and many other wild fruits and tubers. In addition to agriculture, the Algonquins also fished in the Hudson River, focusing on various species of freshwater fish, as well as various variations of,,,, and.

Oyster beds were also common on the river floor, which provided an extra source of nutrition. Land hunting consisted of turkey, deer, bear, and other animals. The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape, while further north, the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to. They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north.

The Mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present-day to, with their capital located near present-day. Exploration and colonization [ ] is credited for the 's discovery of continental North America, with his journey in 1497 along the continent's coast. In 1524, explorer sailed north along the Atlantic seaboard and into New York Harbor, however he left the harbor shortly thereafter, without navigating into the Hudson River. In 1598, Dutch men employed by the Greenland Company wintered in.

Eleven years later, the financed English navigator in his search for the. During the search, Hudson decided to sail his ship up the river that would later be named after him. His travel up the ever-widening river led him to Haverstraw Bay, leading him to believe he had successfully reached the Northwest Passage.

He landed on the western shore the bay and claimed the territory for the Netherlands. He then proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there. The subsequently began to colonize the region, establishing the colony of, including three major fur-trading outposts:,, and. New Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River, and would later become known as.

Wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the Hudson River, and would later become Kingston. Fort Orange was founded on the river north of Wiltwyck, and later became known as Albany. The operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony. In 1647, Director-General took over management of the colony, and surrendered it in 1664 to the British, who had invaded the largely-defenseless New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam and the colony of New Netherland were renamed New York, after the. Under British colonial rule, the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub.

Manors were developed on the east side of the river, and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms. In 1754, the was created at on the Hudson. The plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the Iroquois and provided a framework for the. Revolution [ ] During the, the British realized that the river's proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow their navy to control the water route from to New York City.

British general planned the, to control the river and therefore cut off the hub of (to the river's east) from the South and Mid-Atlantic regions to the river's west. The action would allow the British to focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the southerly states. As a result, numerous battles were fought along the river and in nearby waterways.

These include the, in August 1776 and the the following month. Later that year, the British and Continental Armies were involved in skirmishes and battles in rivertowns of the Hudson in Westchester County, culminating in the. Also in late 1776, New England militias fortified the river's choke point known as the, which included building and on either side of the Hudson and a between the two. In 1777, Washington expected the British would attempt to control the Hudson River, however they instead conquered Philadelphia, and left a smaller force in New York City, with permission to strike the Hudson Valley at any time. The British attacked on October 5, 1777 in the by sailing up the Hudson River, looting the village of and capturing the two forts.

In 1778, the Continentals constructed the in order to prevent another British fleet from sailing up the Hudson. Hudson River School [ ]. View of the Hudson River from Tarrytown Hudson River School paintings reflect the themes of discovery, exploration, and settlement in America in the 19th century. The detailed and idealized paintings also typically depict a setting. The works often juxtapose peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness, which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and. The school characterizes the artistic body, its New York location, its landscape subject matter, and often its subject, the Hudson River. In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God, though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction.

Their reverence for America's natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as and. The artist is generally acknowledged as the founder of the, while painters and were the most successful painters of the school. 19th century [ ].

The Erie Canal in At the beginning of the 19th century, transportation from the US east coast into the mainland was difficult. Ships were the fastest vehicles at the time, as trains and automobiles were still being developed. In order to facilitate shipping throughout the country's interior, numerous canals were constructed between internal bodies of water in the 1800s. One of the most significant canals of this era was the, built to link the Midwest to the Port of New York, a significant seaport during that time. The completion of the canal enhanced the development of the American West, allowing settlers to travel west, send goods to markets in frontier cities, and export goods via the Hudson River and New York City. The completion of the canal made New York City one of the most vital ports in the nation, surpassing the and ports in.

After the completion of the Erie Canal, smaller canals were built to connect it with the new system. The was built to connect the Hudson River near to the southern end of Lake Champlain. This canal allowed boaters to travel from the, and then British cities such as to the Hudson River and New York City.

Another major canal was the, which connected the Erie Canal to and, and could be used to bypass Niagara Falls. The connected the Erie Canal to and. Farther south, the was built between the at, and the Hudson River at Kingston, New York.

This canal enabled the transportation of coal, and later other goods as well, between the Delaware and Hudson River watersheds. The combination of these canals made the Hudson River one of the most vital waterways for trade in the nation. During the, the Hudson River became a major location for production, especially around Albany and Troy. The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast. Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson, in towns including Poughkeepise, Newburgh, Kingston, and Hudson.

The (later owned by ), on the river in Sleepy Hollow, was a large and notable example. The River links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes, allowing manufacturing in the Midwest, including automobiles in Detroit, to use the river for transport.

( pp71–2) With industrialization came new technologies for transport, including steamboats for faster transport. In 1807, the (later known as Clermont), became the first commercially successful steamboat. It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River. The Hudson River valley also proved to be a good area for railroads. The was established in 1849 on the east side of the river as a way to bring passengers from New York City to Albany. The line was built as an alternative to the for travel to Albany, and as a way to ease the concerns of cities along the river.

The railroad was also used for commuting to New York City. Further north, the was opened in 1866 as a way to connect the Hudson River Railroad with the, which goes west to. Smaller railroads existed north of this point. On the west side of the Hudson River, the opened to run passenger service from to Albany, and then Buffalo. In 1889, the opened for rail service between Poughkeepsie and the west side of the river.

20th and 21st centuries [ ]. The Starting in the 20th century, the technological requirements needed to build large crossings across the river were met. This was especially important by New York City, as the river is fairly wide at that point. In 1927, the opened between New Jersey and. The tunnel was the longest underwater tunnel in the world at the time, and used an advanced system to ventilate the tunnels and prevent the build-up of carbon monoxide. The original upper level of the and the followed in the 1930s. In 1955, the original was built over, from to.

The late 20th century saw a decline in industrial production in the Hudson Valley. In 1993, IBM closed two of its plants in and due to IBM losing $16 billion over the previous three years. The plant in East Fishkill had 16,300 workers at its peak in 1984, and had opened in 1941 originally as part of the war effort. In 1996, the North Tarrytown GM Plant closed.

In response to the plant closures, towns throughout the region sought to make the region attractive for technology companies. IBM maintained a Poughkeepsie mainframe unit, and newer housing and office developments were built near there as well.

Commuting from Poughkeepsie to New York City also increased. Developers also looked to build on the property of the old GM plant. The Hudson Valley Hot-Air Balloon Festival, 2009 Around the time of the last factories' closing, environmental efforts to clean up the river progressed. For example, GE participated in cleanup efforts to remove from the site of its old factory in. The cleanup is part of an site, and consists of dredging a 40-mile stretch of the river the Troy Dam to in order to remove the probable from the ecosystem.

Other conservation efforts also occurred, such as when Christopher Swain became the first person to swim all 315 miles of the Hudson River in support of cleaning it up. In conjunction with conservation efforts, the Hudson River region has seen an economic revitalization, especially in favor of green development. In 2009, the was opened in the of Manhattan. This linear park has views of the river throughout its length. Also in 2009, the original Poughkeepsie railroad bridge, since abandoned, was converted into the, a pedestrian park over the river. Emblematic of the increase in green development in the region, waterfront parks in cities like Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and were built, and several festivals are held annually.

Landmarks [ ]. The Norrie Point Environmental Center in, headquarters of the Numerous landmarks have been constructed along the Hudson. Following the river from its source to mouth, there is the in Greene and Columbia counties, and in Dutchess County, there is,, the, and, and the of,, the,, and. South of that in Orange County is the. In Westchester lies,, and. In New Jersey is and. In Manhattan is with, and the.

Is located just south of the river's mouth in. The, located on, is located a bit further south of there.

A 30-mile (48 km) stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the, a. The protects the Palisades on the west bank of the river. The Hudson River was designated as an in 1997.

The Hudson River estuary system is part of the as the. Transportation and crossings [ ]. The and the both cross the Hudson River The Hudson River is by large steamers up to Troy, and by ocean-faring vessels to the Port of Albany.: 11 The original, opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie, emptied into the Hudson at the, just 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the in (at mile 134). The canal enabled shipping between cities on the and Europe via the Atlantic Ocean.

The, the successor to the Erie Canal, runs into the Hudson River north of Troy. It also uses the Federal Dam as a lock. Along the east side of the river runs the 's, from Manhattan to Poughkeepsie. The tracks continue north of Poughkeepsie as Amtrak trains run further north to Albany.

On the west side of the river, operates between in and in. The Hudson is crossed at numerous points by bridges, tunnels, and ferries. The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross, the results today visible in the and the (being replaced by the ) as well as the and Tunnels and the and tubes. The George Washington Bridge, which carries multiple highways, connects to the neighborhood of, and is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge. The Tappan Zee Bridge is the longest bridge in New York, although the has a larger main span. The between and Troy was the first bridge over the Hudson; built in 1804 and destroyed in 1909; its replacement, the, was built in 1909. The was chartered in 1832 and opened in 1835, including the, the second bridge over the Hudson south of the Federal Dam.

Pollution [ ]. Main article: The most discussed pollution of the Hudson River is 's contamination of the river with (PCBs) between 1947 and 1977. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who ate fish from the river or drank the water. In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician founded the and the to draw attention to the problem. Environmental activism led to passage of the federal as well as federal government designation of the river as a site.

Other kinds of pollution, including contamination and dumping, have also caused problems. Extensive remediation actions on the river began in the 1970s with the implementation of wastewater discharge permits and consequent reduction of wastewater discharges, and sediment removal operations, which have continued into the 21st century. Other environmental groups focusing on the river include Scenic Hudson, Hudson River Foundation, Riverkeeper, Hudson River Environmental Society, Hudson River Watertrail Association, and Groundwork Hudson Valley. [ ] Flora and fauna [ ]. A juvenile by the Hudson River According to the Hudson River Estuary Program, about 220 species of fish, including 173 native species, currently are found in the Hudson River. These include, the most important game fish in the Hudson.

Estimates of the striped bass population in the Hudson range to nearly 100 million fish. Also live in the river before reaching breeding age; for much of this stage they are known as because of the transparency of their bodies. The fish are the only species in the Hudson's estuary. The are a unique species that adapted resistance to the toxic effects of the PCBs polluting the river. Scientists identified the genetic mutation that conferred the resistance, and found that the mutated form was present in 99 percent of the tomcods in the river, compared to fewer than 10 percent of the tomcods from other waters. The have been historically abundant in the river, where farmers would use them for inexpensive livestock feed, giving the fish its name. Other unique fish found in the river include the, the, and the.

The, a species about 120 million years old, enter the estuary during their annual migrations. The fish grow to a considerable size, up to 15 feet (4.6 m) and 800 pounds (360 kg). The fish are the symbol of the Hudson River Estuary. Their smoked flesh was commonly eaten in the river valley since 1779, and it was sometimes known as 'Albany beef'. The city of Albany was called 'Sturgeondom' or 'Sturgeontown' in the 1850s and 1860s, with its residents known as 'Sturgeonites'. The 'Sturgeondom' name lost popularity around 1900. Marine life is known to exist in the estuary, with seals, crabs, and some whales reported.

On March 29, 1647, a white whale swam up the river to the (near Albany)., author of, lived in and near Albany from 1830 to 1847, and was known to have ancestry from, leading some to believe stories of the whale sighting inspired his novel. The Hudson River estuary is also the site of wetlands, from New York City all the way up to. In fact, it has one of the largest concentrations of freshwater wetlands in the Northeast. Even though the river can be considered brackish further south, 80% of the wetlands are outside of the influence of the saltwater coming from the Atlantic Ocean.

Currently, the river has about 7,000 acres (28 km 2) acres of wetlands, and rising sea levels due to are expected to lead to an expansion of that area. Wetlands are expected to migrate upland as sea level (and thus the level of the river) rises. This is different from the rest of the world, where rising sea levels usually leads to a reduction in wetland areas.

The expansion of the wetlands are expected to provide more habitat to the fish and birds of the region. Activities [ ] Parkland surrounds much of the Hudson River; prominent parks include and at the river's mouth, in Manhattan,,, and the,, and its source in the. Fishing is allowed in the river, although the state Department of Health recommends eating no fish caught from the Dam to the at Troy. Women under 50 and children under 15 are not advised to eat any fish caught south of the Palmer Falls Dam in, while others are advised to eat anywhere from one to four meals per month of Hudson River fish, depending on species and location caught. The Department of Health cites mercury, PCBs,, and as the chemicals impacting fish in these areas. See also [ ].

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External links [ ].

Hudson River Bear Mountain Bridge over the Hudson River, New York. Mwanner The Hudson follows a winding course for its first 108 miles (174 km), flowing generally southeast to Corinth in county and then northeast to Hudson Falls. From there it flows (without significant gradient) almost directly south for 200 miles (320 km) to the Battery at the head of Upper New York Bay (at ). It drains an area of 13,370 square miles (34,628 square km). Its lower course, about 150 miles (240 km) long, occupies a drowned valley; extending seaward from its mouth for about 200 miles is a deep. Tides are felt as far north as the federal dam at, where the mean tidal range is 4.7 feet (1.4 metres).

The river reaches its widest point—3 miles (5 km)—at Haverstraw Bay (between and counties) before narrowing again to 0.75 mile (1.2 km) at its mouth. Together with the, its major tributary, it forms one of the nation’s most important waterways.

The river was known to the (Mohican) Indians as Muhheakunnuk (“Great Waters Constantly in Motion”). The Florentine navigator sailed a short distance upstream in 1524, but the river came to bear the name of the Englishman, who explored it in 1609. Dutch settlement of the Hudson valley began in 1629, and the serene beauty of the region near formed a background for the stories of and inspired the of and architecture. A strategic waterway during the, the Hudson was the scene of numerous battles, including the decisive American victory at and the naval battle of Tappan Zee., the American military commander of forts in the Tappan Zee area, escaped to a British ship anchored near the village of Garrison after his discovery as a traitor. Made his headquarters at, along the west bank, in 1782 and later disbanded the American armies from there. Extend southward along the river’s west bank from southern New York into northern.

The river is overlooked at West Point by the and at by the home of. The Hudson River and valley, southern New York state.

© Maureen Plainfield/Shutterstock.com The opening of three canals during the 19th century (the, the Delaware and Hudson, and the Champlain) linked the river with the and the and lower St. Lawrence river valleys. It was thus a key factor in the growth of the Midwest as well as of New York City. Practical steam navigation was begun by inventor and engineer in 1807, and the river quickly became a major commercial route.

The main towns along its lower course owed their early prosperity to the whaling trade, and later in the 19th century they became home ports for interoceanic fleets. Navigational improvements began in 1797, and in 1892 the Hudson was declared a federal government waterway.

Controlling depth is 27 feet (8 metres) at and 14 feet (4 metres) from Albany north to the Mohawk River. The river is open and navigable to Albany year-round for oceangoing ships and from early May to mid-November to the Great Lakes (via the canalized Mohawk and the ) for pleasure-boat and tugboat-barge traffic. River-borne cargo includes wood pulp, steel, cocoa beans, grain, and.

Passenger traffic has been replaced by parallel rail and highway facilities. Numerous bridges cross the river, including (from north to south) the Castleton-on-Hudson (built 1959), the Rip Van Winkle (1935), the Newburgh-Beacon (1963), the Bear Mountain (1924), the Tappan Zee (1956), and the George Washington (1931). Vehicular and railway tunnels connect New York City to northern New Jersey.