Official name Socotra Archipelago Type Natural Criteria x Designated (32nd ) Reference no. State Party Yemen ans Somalia Region Socotra (: سُقُطْرَى‎ Suquṭra), also spelled Soqotra, is an of four located in the, the largest island of which is also known as Socotra. The territory is part of and. In 2004, it became attached to the, which is much closer to the island than Aden (although the nearest governorate was the ). In 2013, the archipelago became its own governorate, the.Somalia claims this territory as this land was historically somalis. The island of Socotra constitutes around 95% of the landmass of the Socotra archipelago. It lies some 240 kilometres (150 mi) east of [[Somalia] and 380 kilometres (240 mi) south of the.

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The island is very isolated, home to a high number of; up to a third of its is endemic. It has been described as 'the most alien-looking place on Earth.' The island measures 132 kilometres (82 mi) in length and 49.7 kilometres (30.9 mi) in width. 1893 map of the including and Socotra. The islands passed under the control of the sultans in 1511, and its inhabitants were Islamized during their rule. However, in 1737, Captain de la Garde-Jazier, commander of a French naval expedition heading for, was surprised to find Christian tribes living in the interior of Socotra during a five-week stopover on the island. He reported in a letter home that the tribesmen, 'due to lack of missionaries, had only retained a faint knowledge of Christianity.'

In 1834, the, in the expectation that the Mahra sultan of Qishn and Socotra, who resided at Qishn on the mainland, would accept an offer to sell the island, stationed a garrison on Socotra. However, faced with the unexpected firm refusal of the sultan to sell, as well as the lack of good anchorages for a coaling station to be used by the new steamship line being put into service on the Suez-Bombay route, the British left in 1835. After the capture of Aden in 1839, the British lost all interest in acquiring Socotra. In January 1876, in exchange for a payment of 3000 thalers and a yearly subsidy, the sultan pledged 'himself, his heirs and successors, never to cede, to sell, to mortgage, or otherwise give for occupation, save to the British Government, the Island of Socotra or any of its dependencies.' Additionally, he pledged to give assistance to any European vessel that wrecked on the island and protect the crew, the passengers and the cargo, in exchange for a suitable reward.

In April 1886, the British government, concerned about reports that the German navy had been visiting various ports in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean for the purpose of securing a naval base, decided to conclude a protectorate treaty with the sultan in which he promised this time to 'refrain from entering into any correspondence, agreement, or treaty with any foreign nation or power, except with the knowledge and sanction of the British Government', and give immediate notice to the British Resident at Aden of any attempt by another power to interfere with Socotra and its dependencies. Apart from those obligations, this preemptive protectorate treaty, designed above all to seal off Socotra from competing colonial powers, left the sultan in control of the island.

In 1897, the ship Aden sank after being wrecked on a reef near Socotra, with the loss of 78 lives. As some of the cargo had been plundered by islanders, the sultan was reminded of his obligations under the agreement of 1876. In October 1967, in the wake of the departure of the British from Aden and southern Arabia, the Mahra Sultanate as well as the other states of the former Aden Protectorate were abolished. On 30 November of the same year, Socotra became part of. Since in 1990, it has been part of the. Today, Socotra is the only region of Yemen not to be involved in the disastrous, with no military confrontations or attacks having taken place on the island.

Geography and climate [ ]. Halah Cave (كهف حالة) in the east of the island is several hundred metres deep, with total darkness. And show how high it can reach compared to the 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) man with the torch. Socotra is one of the most isolated landforms on Earth of origin (i.e. Not of origin). The archipelago was once part of the of and detached during the epoch, in the same set of events that opened the to its northwest. The archipelago consists of the main island of Socotra (3,665 km 2 (1,415 sq mi)), the three smaller islands of, and, as well as small rock outcrops like Ka'l Fir'awn and Sābūnīyah that are uninhabitable by humans but important for.

The main island has three geographical terrains: the narrow coastal, a permeated with caves, and the Haghier Mountains. The mountains rise to 1,503 metres (4,931 ft). The island is about 125 kilometres (78 mi) long and 45 kilometres (28 mi) north to south. The climate of Socotra is classified in the as BWh and BSh, meaning a and with a mean annual temperature over 25 °C or 77 °F.

Yearly rainfall is light, but is fairly spread throughout the year. Due to provided by the interior mountains, especially during the northeast monsoon from October to December, the highest inland areas can average as much as 800 millimetres (31.50 in) per year and receive over 250 millimetres (9.84 in) per month in November or December. The southwest season from July to September brings strong winds and high seas. For many centuries, the sailors of Gujarat called the maritime route near Socotra as “Sikotro Sinh”, meaning the lion of Socotra, that constantly roars—referring to the high seas near Socotra. [ ] In an extremely unusual occurrence, the western side of Socotra received more than 410 millimetres (16.14 in) of rain from in November 2015. An 1890s photograph of endemic tree species, the cucumber tree, by Socotra is considered the jewel of in the. In the 1990s, a team of biologists conducted a survey of the archipelago’s and.

They counted nearly 700 species, found nowhere else on earth; only New Zealand,,, and the have more impressive numbers. The long geological isolation of the Socotra archipelago and its fierce heat and drought have combined to create a unique and spectacular endemic flora. Scarica Gratis Nod32 Antivirus Versione Di Provantage here.

Botanical field surveys led by the, part of the, indicate that 307 out of the 825 (37%) plant species on Socotra are endemic, i. Download Kelly Rowland Talk A Good Game Album Sharebeast. e., they are found nowhere else on Earth. The entire flora of the Socotra Archipelago has been assessed for the, with 3 Critically Endangered and 27 Endangered plant species recognised in 2004. One of the most striking of Socotra's plants is the tree ( Dracaena cinnabari), which is a strange-looking, umbrella-shaped tree. Its red sap was thought to be the dragon's blood of the ancients, sought after as a dye, and today used as paint and varnish.

Also important in ancient times were Socotra's various endemic, used medicinally, and for cosmetics. Other endemic plants include the giant succulent tree, the cucumber tree, the rare Socotran pomegranate ( ),, and. The island group also has a rich fauna, including several endemic species of, such as the ( Onychognathus frater), the ( Nectarinia balfouri), ( Emberiza socotrana), ( Cisticola haesitatus), ( Passer insularis), ( Rhynchostruthus socotranus), and a species in a monotypic genus, the ( Incana incana). Many of the bird species are endangered by predation by non-native. With only one endemic mammal, 6 endemic bird species and no amphibians, reptiles constitute the most relevant Socotran vertebrate fauna with 31 species.

If one excludes the two recently introduced species, Hemidactylus robustus and Hemidactylus flaviviridis, all native species are endemic. There is a very high level of endemism at both species (29 of 31, 94%) and genus levels (5 of 12, 42%). At the species level, endemicity may be even higher, as phylogenetic studies have uncovered substantial hidden diversity. The reptiles species include skinks, legless lizards, and one species of,. There are many endemic invertebrates, including (such as the tarantula balfouri) and three species of (one and two ). As with many isolated island systems, are the only native to Socotra.

In contrast, the of Socotra are diverse, with many endemic species. Socotra is also one of the homes of the butterfly. Over the two thousand years of human settlement on the islands the environment has slowly but continuously changed, and according to, 'the animals and plants that remain represent a degraded fraction of what once existed.' The says the island had crocodiles and large lizards, and the present reptilian fauna appears to be greatly reduced. Until a few centuries ago, there were rivers and wetlands on the island, greater stocks of the endemic trees, and abundant pasture. The Portuguese recorded the presence of in the early 17th century. Now there are only sand gullies, and many native plants only survive where there is greater moisture or protection from livestock.

The remaining Socotra fauna is greatly threatened by and other introduced species. UNESCO recognition [ ] The island was recognised by the (UNESCO) as a world natural heritage site in July 2008. The has supported such a move, calling on both UNESCO and International Organisation of Protecting Environment to classify the island archipelago among the environmental heritages. Demographics [ ] Most of the inhabitants are indigenous from tribe, who are of Southern Arabian descent from, and are said to be especially closely related with the and groups of Southern.

There are also a small number of residents of and origin. In addition, the island is inhabited by various peoples, who are believed to be descendants of runaway slaves. The Semitic language, spoken originally only in Socotra by Al-Mahrah people, is related to such other languages on the Arabian mainland as,,,, and. Soqotri is also spoken by Al-Mahrah minority populations in the and and.

The majority of male residents on Socotra are reported to be in the J* subclade of. Several of the female lineages on the island, notably those in, are found nowhere else on Earth. Almost all inhabitants of Socotra, numbering nearly 50,000, live on the homonymous main island of the archipelago. The principal city, (with a population of 8,545 at the of 2004); the second largest town, (population 3,862); and (population 929) are all located on the north coast of the island of Socotra. Only about 450 people live on 'Abd-al-Kūrī and 100 on Samha; the island of Darsa and the of the archipelago are uninhabited. The archipelago forms two of the: • the district of Hadibu (حديبو), with a population of 32,285 and a district seat at Hadibu, consists of the eastern two-thirds of the main island of Socotra; • the district of Qulansiyah wa 'Abd-al-Kūrī (قلنسيه وعبد الكوري), with a population of 10,557 and a district seat at Qulansiyah, consists of the minor islands (the island of 'Abd-al-Kūrī chief among them) and the western third of the main island. Religion [ ] The islanders followed until 52 AD, when, according to local beliefs, Thomas the Apostle was shipwrecked there on his way to.

He then supposedly constructed a church out of his ship's wreckage and baptized many Socotrans. After this, Christianity became the main religion of the island.

They followed, the of, who was later for. The Socotrans remained loyal to his teachings and joined the. During the 10th century, Arab recorded during his visits that most of the islanders were Christian. Explorer Marco Polo wrote in his travelogue: I give you my word that the people of this island are the most expert enchanters in the world. It is true that the archbishop does not approve of these enchantments and rebukes them for the practice.

But this has no effect, because they say that their forefathers did these things of old. Christianity in Socotra went into decline when the took power in the 16th century and became mostly Muslim by the time the Portuguese arrived later that century.

An 1884 edition of, a science journal, writes that the disappearance of Christian and can be accounted for by a excursion to the island in 1800. Today the only remnants of Christianity are some cross engravings from the 1st century AD, a few Christian tombs, and some church ruins. Economy [ ] The primary occupations of the people of Socotra have traditionally been fishing,, and the cultivation of.

Monsoons long made the archipelago inaccessible from June to September each year. However, in July 1999, a new airport opened Socotra to the outside world all year round. There is regular service to and from and. All scheduled commercial flights make a.

Is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) west of the main city, Hadibu, and close to the third largest town in the archipelago, Qād̨ub. Make electricity widely available in Socotra. A paved road runs along the north shore from Qulansiyah to Hadibu and then to the DiHamri area; and another paved road, from the northern coast to the southern through the Dixsam Plateau. [ ] The former capital is located to the east of Hadibu. A small barracks lies at the western end of Hadibu, and the former President of Yemen,, had a residence there. [ ] Some residents raise cattle and goats. The chief export products of the island are,,, and.

At the end of the 1990s, a was launched with the aim of providing a close survey of the island of Socotra. The project called Socotra Governance and Biodiversity Project have listed following goals from 2009: • Local governance support • Development and implementation of mainstreaming tools • Strengthening ' advocacy • Direction of biodiversity conservation benefits to the local people • Support to the fisheries sector and training of professionals In February 2014, the reported that Socotra was being considered as a possible site for the.

Transport [ ] Public transport on Socotra is limited to a few; car hire usually means hiring a 4WD car with driver. Transport is a delicate matter on Socotra because, as much as modern transportation has its advantages, road construction has been considered detrimental to the island and its ecosystem. The most harm is being done by chemical pollution from road construction and road provoked habitat fragmentation.

For more eco-friendly alternatives, companies have started offering bicycle and enduro motorcycle tours on Socotra. The only port on Socotra is 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) east of. Ships connect the port with the Yemeni coastal city of. According to information from the ports, the journey takes 2–3 days and the service is used mostly for cargo.

And flew from to and via. As of March 2015, due to involving Saudi Arabia's Air Force all flights to and from Socotra have been canceled. Gallery [ ] • Other sights •.

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