Born ( 1367-01-06)6 January 1367, Died c. 14 February 1400 ( 1400-02-14) (aged 33), Burial 6 March 1400, 1413, Consort (m. 1382–1394) (m. 1396–1400) Father Mother Signature Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was from 1377 until he was on 30 September 1399. Richard, a son of, was born in during the reign of his grandfather,. His father was Prince of.

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Richard was the younger brother of, upon whose death Richard, at three years of age, became second in line to the throne after his father. Upon the death of Richard's father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by, became the to the throne. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten.

During Richard's first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of councils. Most of the preferred this to a led by the king's uncle,, yet Gaunt remained highly influential. At the onset of Richard's accession, and then for much of his reign, faced various problems, which included the (which was ), border conflicts with, and economic difficulties related to the. A major challenge of the reign was the in 1381, and the young king played a major part in the successful suppression of this crisis.

In the following years, however, the king's dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential, and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the. By 1389 Richard had regained control, and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents. In 1397, Richard took his revenge on the appellants, many of whom were executed or exiled.

The next two years have been described by historians as Richard's 'tyranny'. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunt's son,, who had previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers.

Although he initially claimed that his goal was only to reclaim his patrimony, it soon became clear that Henry intended to claim the throne for himself. Meeting little resistance, Bolingbroke deposed Richard and had himself crowned as King Henry IV.

Richard died in captivity in February 1400; he is thought to have been starved to death, although questions remain regarding his final fate. Richard was said to have been tall, good-looking and intelligent. Less warlike than either his father or grandfather, he sought to bring an end to the that Edward III had started.

He was a firm believer in the, which led him to restrain the power of the aristocracy, and to rely on a private for military protection instead; in contrast to the fraternal, martial court of his grandfather, he cultivated a refined atmosphere at his court, in which the king was an elevated figure, with art and culture at its centre. Richard's posthumous reputation has been shaped to a large extent by, whose play portrayed Richard's misrule and his deposition by Bolingbroke as responsible for the 15th-century. Modern historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition. While probably not insane, as historians of the 19th and 20th centuries believed, he may have had what psychologists today identify as a, particularly manifesting itself towards the end of his reign. Most authorities agree that, even though his policies were not unprecedented or entirely unrealistic, the way in which he carried them out was unacceptable to the political establishment, and this led to his downfall. Arms of Richard of Bordeaux, Prince of Wales (later Richard II) On 21 June the next year, Richard's grandfather also died, and the 10-year-old Richard was on 16 July 1377.

Again, fears of John of Gaunt's ambitions influenced political decisions, and a regency led by the King's uncles was avoided. Instead, the king was nominally to exercise kingship with the help of a series of 'continual councils,' from which John of Gaunt was excluded. Gaunt, together with his younger brother, still held great informal influence over the business of government, but the king's councillors and friends, particularly Sir and, increasingly gained control of royal affairs. In a matter of three years, these councillors earned the mistrust of the Commons to the point that the councils were discontinued in 1380. Contributing to discontent was an increasingly heavy burden of levied through three between 1377 and 1381 that were spent on unsuccessful military expeditions on the continent. By 1381, there was a deep-felt resentment against the governing classes in the lower levels of English society.

Peasants' Revolt [ ] Whereas the poll tax of 1381 was the spark of the, the root of the conflict lay in tensions between peasants and landowners precipitated by the economic and demographic consequences of the and of the plague. The rebellion started in and in late May, and on 12 June, bands of peasants gathered at near London under the leaders,, and. John of Gaunt's was burnt down.

The,, who was also, and the king's,, were both killed by the rebels, who were demanding the complete abolition of. The king, sheltered within the with his councillors, agreed that the Crown did not have the forces to disperse the rebels and that the only feasible option was to negotiate. Richard II watches 's death and addresses the peasants in the background: taken from the of 's Chroniques (c. 1475). It is unclear how much Richard, who was still only fourteen years old, was involved in these deliberations, although historians have suggested that he was among the proponents of negotiations.

The king set out by the on 13 June, but the large number of people thronging the banks at made it impossible for him to land, forcing him to return to the Tower. The next day, Friday, 14 June, he set out by horse and met the rebels.

The king agreed to the rebels' demands, but this move only emboldened them; they continued their looting and killings. Richard met Wat Tyler again the next day at and reiterated that the demands would be met, but the rebel leader was not convinced of the king's sincerity. The king's men grew restive, an altercation broke out, and, the, pulled Tyler down from his horse and killed him. The situation became tense once the rebels realised what had happened, but the king acted with calm resolve and, saying 'I am your captain, follow me!' , he led the mob away from the scene. Walworth meanwhile gathered a force to surround the peasant army, but the king granted clemency and allowed the rebels to disperse and return to their homes.

The king soon revoked the charters of freedom and pardon that he had granted, and as disturbances continued in other parts of the country, he personally went into Essex to suppress the rebellion. On 28 June at, he defeated the last rebels in a small skirmish and effectively ended the Peasants' Revolt. Despite his young age, Richard had shown great courage and determination in his handling of the rebellion. It is likely, though, that the events impressed upon him the dangers of disobedience and threats to royal authority, and helped shape the attitudes to kingship that would later prove fatal to his reign.

Coming of age [ ] It is only with the Peasants' Revolt that Richard starts to emerge clearly in the. One of his first significant acts after the rebellion was to marry, daughter of the ( ) and his wife, on 20 January 1382. The marriage had diplomatic significance; in the division of Europe caused by the, Bohemia and the Empire were seen as potential allies against in the ongoing. Nonetheless, the marriage was not popular in England.

Despite great sums of money awarded to the Empire, the political alliance never resulted in any military victories. Furthermore, the marriage was childless. Anne died from plague in 1394, greatly mourned by her husband. Had been instrumental in the marriage negotiations; he had the king's confidence and gradually became more involved at court and in government as Richard came of age. De la Pole came from an upstart merchant family.

When Richard made him in 1383, and created him two years later, this antagonised the more established nobility. Another member of the close circle around the king was, who in this period emerged as the king's. Richard's close friendship to de Vere was also disagreeable to the political establishment. This displeasure was exacerbated by the earl's elevation to the new title of in 1386. The chronicler suggested the relationship between the king and de Vere was of a homosexual nature, due to a resentment Walsingham had toward the king. Tensions came to a head over the approach to the war in France. While the court party preferred negotiations, Gaunt and Buckingham urged a large-scale campaign to protect English possessions.

Instead, a so-called led by,, was dispatched, which failed miserably. Faced with this setback on the continent, Richard turned his attention instead towards France's ally,. In 1385, the king himself led a to the north, but the effort came to nothing, and the army had to return without ever engaging the Scots in battle. Meanwhile, only an uprising in prevented a French invasion of southern England. The relationship between Richard and his uncle John of Gaunt deteriorated further with military failure, and John of Gaunt left England to pursue his claim to the throne of in 1386 amid rumours of a plot against his person.

With Gaunt gone, the unofficial leadership of the growing dissent against the king and his courtiers passed to Buckingham – who had by now been created Duke of Gloucester – and. First crisis of 1386–88 [ ]. Fleeing (Froissart) The threat of a French invasion did not subside, but instead grew stronger into 1386. At the parliament of October that year, Michael de la Pole – in his capacity of chancellor – requested taxation of an unprecedented level for the defence of the realm. Rather than consenting, the parliament responded by refusing to consider any request until the chancellor was removed.

The parliament (later known as the ) was presumably working with the support of Gloucester and Arundel. The king famously responded that he would not dismiss as much as a from his kitchen at parliament's request. Only when threatened with deposition was Richard forced to give in and let de la Pole go. A commission was set up to review and control royal finances for a year. Richard was deeply perturbed by this affront to his royal prerogative, and from February to November 1387 went on a 'gyration' (tour) of the country to muster support for his cause. By installing de Vere as, he began the work of creating a loyal military power base in. He also secured a legal ruling from that parliament's conduct had been unlawful and treasonable.

On his return to London, the king was confronted by Thomas of Woodstock (now Duke of Gloucester), Arundel and, who brought an appeal of treason against de la Pole, de Vere, Tresilian, and two other loyalists: the mayor of London,, and, the. Richard stalled the negotiations to gain time, as he was expecting de Vere to arrive from Cheshire with military reinforcements. The three earls then joined forces with (Gaunt's son, later King ), and – the group known to history as the. On 20 December 1387 they intercepted de Vere at, where he and his forces were routed and he was obliged to flee the country. Richard now had no choice but to comply with the appellants' demands; Brembre and Tresilian were condemned and executed, while de Vere and de la Pole – who had by now also left the country – were sentenced to death in absentia at the in February 1388.

The proceedings went further, and a number of Richard's chamber knights were also executed, among these Burley. The appellants had now succeeded completely in breaking up the circle of favourites around the king.

A fragile peace [ ]. Coat of arms of King Richard II Richard gradually re-established royal authority in the months after the deliberations of the Merciless Parliament.

The aggressive foreign policy of the Lords Appellant failed when their efforts to build a wide, anti-French coalition came to nothing, and the north of England fell victim to a. Richard was now over twenty-one years old and could with confidence claim the right to govern in his own name. Furthermore, John of Gaunt returned to England in 1389 and settled his differences with the king, after which the old statesman acted as a moderating influence on English politics. Richard assumed full control of the government on 3 May 1389, claiming that the difficulties of the past years had been due solely to bad councillors. He outlined a foreign policy that reversed the actions of the appellants by seeking peace and reconciliation with France, and promised to lessen the burden of taxation on the people significantly. Richard ruled peacefully for the next eight years, having reconciled with his former adversaries. Still, later events would show that he had not forgotten the indignities he perceived.

In particular, the execution of his former teacher Sir Simon de Burley was an insult not easily forgotten. With national stability secured, Richard began negotiating a permanent peace with France. A proposal put forward in 1393 would have greatly expanded the territory of possessed by the English crown.

However, the plan failed because it included a requirement that the English king pay to the King of France – a condition that proved unacceptable to the English public. Instead, in 1396, a truce was agreed to, which was to last 28 years. As part of the truce, Richard agreed to marry, daughter of, when she came of age. There were some misgivings about the betrothal, in particular because the princess was then only six years old, and thus would not be able to produce an heir to the throne of England for many years. Silver half penny of Richard II, Although Richard sought peace with France, he took a different approach to the situation in Ireland. The English were in danger of being overrun, and the lords were pleading for the king to intervene.

In the autumn of 1394, Richard left for Ireland, where he remained until May 1395. His army of more than 8,000 men was the largest force brought to the island during the late Middle Ages. The invasion was a success, and a number of Irish chieftains submitted to English overlordship. It was one of the most successful achievements of Richard's reign, and strengthened the king's support at home, although the consolidation of the English position in Ireland proved to be short-lived. Second crisis of 1397–99 [ ] The period that historians refer to as the 'tyranny' of Richard II began towards the end of the 1390s.

The king had Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick arrested in July 1397. The timing of these arrests and Richard's motivation are not entirely clear. Although one chronicle suggested that a plot was being planned against the king, there is no evidence that this was the case. It is more likely that Richard had simply come to feel strong enough to safely retaliate against these three men for their role in events of 1386–88 and eliminate them as threats to his power.

Arundel was the first of the three to be brought to trial, at the parliament of September 1397. After a heated quarrel with the king, he was condemned and executed. Gloucester was being held prisoner by the Earl of Nottingham at Calais while awaiting his trial. As the time for the trial drew near, Nottingham brought news that Gloucester was dead.

It is thought likely that the king had ordered him to be killed to avoid the disgrace of executing a prince of the blood. Warwick was also condemned to death, but his life was spared and his sentence reduced to life imprisonment. Arundel's brother, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was exiled for life. Richard then took his persecution of adversaries to the localities.

While recruiting for himself in various counties, he prosecuted local men who had been loyal to the appellants. The fines levied on these men brought great revenues to the crown, although contemporary chroniclers raised questions about the legality of the proceedings. Had been at the centre of English politics for over thirty years, and his death in 1399 led to insecurity.

These actions were made possible primarily through the collusion of John of Gaunt, but with the support of a large group of other magnates, many of whom were rewarded with new titles, who were disparagingly referred to as Richard's 'duketti'. These included the former Appellants, who was made, and, who was created. Also among them were and, the king's half-brother and nephew, who were promoted from earls of and to dukes of and respectively; the Duke of York's son, who received Gloucester's French title of; Gaunt's son, who was made and;; and, who became. With the forfeited lands of the convicted appellants, the king could reward these men with lands suited to their new ranks. A threat to Richard's authority still existed, however, in the form of the, represented by John of Gaunt and his son Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford. The House of Lancaster not only possessed greater wealth than any other family in England, they were of royal descent and, as such, likely candidates to succeed the childless Richard. Discord broke out in the inner circles of court in December 1397, when Bolingbroke and became embroiled in a quarrel.

Manowar Warriors Of The World Album Mp3 Download on this page. According to Bolingbroke, Mowbray had claimed that the two, as former Lords Appellant, were next in line for royal retribution. Mowbray vehemently denied these charges, as such a claim would have amounted to treason. A parliamentary committee decided that the two should settle the matter by battle, but at the last moment Richard exiled the two dukes instead: Mowbray for life, Bolingbroke for ten years.

On 3 February 1399, John of Gaunt died. Rather than allowing Bolingbroke to succeed, Richard extended the term of his exile to life and expropriated his properties.

The king felt safe from Bolingbroke, who was residing in Paris, since the French had little interest in any challenge to Richard and his peace policy. Richard left the country in May for another expedition in Ireland. In 1398 Richard summoned a packed Parliament to Shrewsbury—known as the Parliament of Shrewsbury—which declared all the acts of the Merciless Parliament to be null and void, and announced that no restraint could legally be put on the king. It delegated all parliamentary power to a committee of twelve lords and six commoners chosen from the king's friends, making Richard an absolute ruler unbound by the necessity of gathering a Parliament again. Overthrow and death [ ]. Richard being taken into custody by the (Froissart) In June 1399,, gained control of the court of the insane. The policy of rapprochement with the English crown did not suit Louis's political ambitions, and for this reason he found it opportune to allow Henry to leave for England.

With a small group of followers, Bolingbroke landed at in Yorkshire towards the end of June 1399. Men from all over the country soon rallied around the duke. Meeting with, who had his own misgivings about the king, Bolingbroke insisted that his only object was to regain his own patrimony. Percy took him at his word and declined to interfere. The king had taken most of his household knights and the loyal members of his nobility with him to Ireland, so Henry experienced little resistance as he moved south., who was acting as Keeper of the Realm, had little choice but to side with Bolingbroke. Meanwhile, Richard was delayed in his return from Ireland and did not land in Wales until 24 July.

He made his way to, where on 12 August he met with the Earl of Northumberland for negotiations. On 19 August, Richard II surrendered to Henry at, promising to abdicate if his life were spared. Both men then returned to London, the indignant king riding all the way behind Henry. On arrival, he was imprisoned in the on 1 September. Richard's surrender to Henry at Flint Castle, Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma. It was argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king. However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was, who was descended from 's third son, the second to survive to adulthood,.

Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's fourth son, the third to survive to adulthood. The problem was solved by emphasising Henry's descent in a direct male line, whereas March's descent was through his grandmother.

According to the official record (read by Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, during an assembly of and commons at Westminster Hall on Tuesday 30 September), Richard gave up his crown willingly and ratified his deposition citing as a reason his own unworthiness as a monarch. On the other hand, the Traison et Mort Chronicle suggests otherwise. It describes a meeting between Richard and Henry that took place one day before the parliament's session. The king succumbed to blind rage, ordered his release from the Tower, called his cousin a traitor, demanded to see his and swore revenge throwing down his bonnet, while the duke refused to do anything without parliamentary approval. When parliament met to discuss Richard's fate, the read thirty-three articles of deposition that were unanimously accepted by lords and commons. On 1 October 1399, Richard II was formally deposed and on 13 October, the feast day of, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, was crowned Henry IV of England. The exact course of Richard's life after the deposition is unclear; he remained in the Tower until he was taken to shortly before the end of the year.

Although King Henry might have been amenable to letting him live, this all changed when it was revealed that the earls of Huntingdon, Kent and Salisbury and Lord Despenser, and possibly also the Earl of Rutland – all now demoted from the ranks they had been given by Richard – were planning to murder the new king and restore Richard in the. Although averted, the plot highlighted the danger of allowing Richard to live. He is thought to have starved to death in captivity on or around 14 February 1400, although there is some question over the date and manner of his death. His body was taken south from Pontefract and displayed in the on 17 February before burial in Church on 6 March. Rumours that Richard was still alive persisted, but never gained much credence in England; in Scotland, however, a man identified as Richard came into the hands of, lodged in, and serving as the notional – and perhaps reluctant – figurehead of various anti-Lancastrian and intrigues in England. Henry IV's government dismissed him as an impostor, and several sources from both sides of the Border suggest the man had a mental illness, one also describing him as a 'beggar' by the time of his death in 1419, but he was buried as a king in the local friary in Stirling. Meanwhile, in 1413, – in an effort both to atone for his father's act of murder and to silence the rumours of Richard's survival – had decided to have the body at King's Langley moved to its final resting place in.

Here Richard himself had prepared an elaborate tomb, where the remains of his wife Anne were already entombed. Court culture [ ].

Richard's arms of Edward the Confessor's mythical arms impaled with those of the Kings of England ( l.) and Richard's white hart ( r.) In the last years of Richard's reign, and particularly in the months after the suppression of the appellants in 1397, the king enjoyed a virtual monopoly on power in the country, a relatively uncommon situation in medieval England. In this period a particular court culture was allowed to emerge, one that differed sharply from that of earlier times. A new form of address developed; where the king previously had been addressed simply as ', now 'royal ', or 'high majesty' were often used.

It was said that on solemn festivals Richard would sit on his throne in the royal hall for hours without speaking, and anyone on whom his eyes fell had to bow his knees to the king. The inspiration for this new sumptuousness and emphasis on dignity came from the courts on the continent, not only the French and Bohemian courts that had been the homes of Richard's two wives, but also the court that the Black Prince had maintained while residing in Aquitaine.

Richard's approach to kingship was rooted in his strong belief in the, the inspiration of which can be found in his early youth, when his authority was challenged first by the and then by the. Richard rejected the approach his grandfather,, had taken to the nobility.

Edward's court had been a martial one, based on the interdependence between the king and his most trusted noblemen as military captains. In Richard's view, this put a dangerous amount of power in the hands of the baronage. To avoid dependence on the nobility for military recruitment, he pursued a policy of peace towards France. At the same time, he developed his own private military retinue, larger than that of any English king before him, and gave them with his, which are also worn by the angels in the Wilton Diptych (right).

He was then free to develop a courtly atmosphere in which the king was a distant, venerated figure, and art and culture, rather than warfare, were at the centre. Patronage and the arts [ ] As part of Richard's programme of asserting his authority, he also tried to cultivate the royal image. Unlike any other English king before him, he had himself portrayed in of elevated majesty, of which two survive: the over life-size portrait of the king (c. 1390, see top of page), and the (1394–99), a portable work probably intended to accompany Richard on his Irish campaign. It is one of the few surviving English examples of the courtly style of painting that was developed in the courts of the Continent, especially Prague and Paris. Richard's expenditure on jewellery, rich textiles and metalwork was far higher than on paintings, but as with his, there are hardly any surviving works that can be connected with him, except for a crown, 'one of the finest achievements of the Gothic goldsmith', that probably belonged to Anne.

In the early 19th century Among Richard's grandest projects in the field of architecture was, which was extensively rebuilt during his reign, perhaps spurred on by the completion in 1391 of John of Gaunt's magnificent hall. Fifteen life-size statues of kings were placed in niches on the walls, and the roof by the royal carpenter, 'the greatest creation of medieval timber architecture', allowed the original three aisles to be replaced with a single huge open space, with a dais at the end for Richard to sit in solitary state. The rebuilding had been begun by in 1245, but had by Richard's time been dormant for over a century. The court's patronage of literature is especially important, because this was the period in which the English language took shape as a. There is little evidence to tie Richard directly to patronage of, but it was nevertheless within his court that this culture was allowed to thrive. The greatest poet of the age,, served the king as a diplomat, a customs official and a clerk of while producing some of his best-known work. Chaucer was also in the service of John of Gaunt, and wrote as a eulogy to Gaunt's wife.

Chaucer's colleague and friend wrote his on a direct commission from Richard, although he later grew disenchanted with the king. Character and assessment [ ] Contemporary writers, even those less sympathetic to the king, agreed that Richard was a 'most beautiful king', though with a 'face which was white, rounded and feminine', implying he lacked manliness. He was athletic and tall; when his tomb was opened in 1871 he was found to be six feet tall. He was also intelligent and well read, and when agitated he had a tendency to stammer. While the Westminster Abbey portrait probably shows a good similarity of the king, the Wilton Diptych portrays the king as significantly younger than he was at the time; it must be assumed that he had a beard by this point. Religiously, he was orthodox, and particularly towards the end of his reign he became a strong opponent of the heresy. He was particularly devoted to the cult of Edward the Confessor, and around 1395 he had his own with the of the Confessor.

Though not a warrior king like his grandfather, Richard nevertheless enjoyed, as well as hunting. Anonymous artist's impression of Richard II in the 16th century The popular view of Richard has more than anything been influenced by 's play about the king,. Shakespeare's Richard was a cruel, vindictive and irresponsible king, who attained a semblance of greatness only after his fall from power. Writing a work of fiction, however, Shakespeare took many liberties and made great omissions. Shakespeare based his play on works by writers such as and, who in turn based their writings on contemporary chroniclers such as. Hall and Daniel were part of historiography, which was highly unsympathetic to Richard.

The Tudor orthodoxy, reinforced by Shakespeare, saw a continuity in civil discord starting with Richard's misrule that did not end until 's accession in 1485. The idea that Richard was to blame for the later-15th century was prevalent as late as the 19th century, but came to be challenged in the 20th.

Some recent historians prefer to look at the Wars of the Roses in isolation from the reign of Richard II. Richard's mental state has been a major issue of historical debate since the first academic historians started treating the subject in the 19th century. One of the first modern historians to deal with Richard II as a king and as a person was Bishop.

Stubbs argued that towards the end of his reign, Richard's mind 'was losing its balance altogether'. Historian, who wrote a full-scale biography of the king in 1941, took a psychiatric approach to the issue, and concluded that the king had.

This was challenged by, who argued that there was no historical basis for such a diagnosis, a line that has also been followed by later historians of the period, such as and., who wrote the most recent academic biography on Richard II, concedes that – even though there is no basis for assuming the king had a mental illness – he showed clear signs of a, and towards the end of his reign 'Richard's grasp on reality was becoming weaker'. One of the primary historiographical questions surrounding Richard concerns his political agenda and the reasons for its failure.

His kingship was thought to contain elements of the early modern as exemplified by the. More recently, Richard's concept of kingship has been seen by some as not so different from that of his antecedents, and that it was exactly by staying within the framework of traditional monarchy that he was able to achieve as much as he did. Yet his actions were too extreme, and too abrupt. For one, the absence of war was meant to reduce the burden of taxation, and so help Richard's popularity with the Commons in parliament. However, this promise was never fulfilled, as the cost of the royal retinue, the opulence of court and Richard's lavish patronage of his favourites proved as expensive as war had been, without offering commensurate benefits. As for his policy of military retaining, this was later emulated by and, but Richard's exclusive reliance on the county of Cheshire hurt his support from the rest of the country.

As concludes: 'What he sought was, in contemporary terms, neither unjustified nor unattainable; it was the manner of his seeking that betrayed him.' Ancestry [ ] Ancestors of Richard II of England. John of Gaunt's brother was only one year younger, but it has been suggested that this prince was of 'limited ability', and he took less part in government than Gaunt did.

It has been speculated that the whole incident surrounding the killing of Wat Tyler was in fact planned in advance by the council, in order to end the rebellion. While both England and the Empire supported in Rome, the French sided with the of. This 'appeal' – which would give its name to the – was not an appeal in the modern sense of an application to a higher authority.

In medieval the appeal was criminal charge, often one of treason. Beaufort was the oldest of John of Gaunt's children with; illegitimate children whom Richard had given legitimate status in 1390.

He was made; being a relatively new title in England up until this point. Rutland, heir to the, was created. Montacute had succeeded as earlier the same year.

Despenser, the great-grandson of, 's favourite who was executed for treason in 1326, was given the forfeited. Though it had become established tradition for earldoms to descend in the male line, there was no such tradition for royal. The precedence could indeed be seen to invalidate the English claim to the French throne, based on succession through the female line, over which the was being fought.

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• Harris (2005), pp. • Harris (2005), pp. • ^ Saul (1997), p.

• Harris (2005), p. • Saul (1997), pp. • Saul (1997), p. • Alexander and Binski, pp. 134–135. See also Levey, pp. 20–24.

• Levey, pp. 13–29. • Alexander and Binski, pp. 202–3 and 506. It is documented in the royal collection from 1399 and accompanied Blanche, daughter of Henry IV, to her Bavarian marriage. It is still in Munich.

See also, The Institute of Historical Research and Royal Holloway. Retrieved 12 October 2008 • Brown, R. History of the King's Work. • Alexander and Binski, pp. 506–7 and 515. Only six of the statues remain, rather damaged, and the dais has been remodelled, but otherwise the hall remains largely as Richard and his architect left it. • Saul (1997), p.

• Saul (1997), pp. • Benson, Larry D., ed. The Riverside Chaucer (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• McKisack (1959), pp. • Benson (1988), p. • Saul (1997), pp. • Saul (2005), p. • Saul (1997), pp. 451–2, quoting and Historia vitae et regni Ricardi II. • Harriss (2005), p.

• Saul (1997), pp. • Saul (1997), pp. • Saul (1997), pp. • Saul (1997), p. • Saul (1997), pp. • Saul (2005), pp. • Aston, Margaret (1984).

'Richard II and the Wars of the Roses'. Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval Religion.. The Wars of the Roses.

• Carpenter, Christine (1997). The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. The Constitutional History of England. • Steel (1941), p.

'A new life of Richard II'.. Xxvi (104): 223–39.. • Saul (1997), pp. 460–4 • Walker, Simon (1995). 'Richard IIs Views on Kingship'. Harriss; Simon Walker.

Rulers and Ruled in Late Medieval England. • ^ Walker (1995), p. • Saul (1997), pp. 440, 444–5 • ^ Douglas Richardson. Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011.

'Edmund, first duke of York (1341–1402)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. • Saul (1997), pp. Hama Video Editor Drivers. Retrieved 25 August 2008. (Subscription required ( help)).

• Saul (1997), pp. • Tuck (1985), p. Sources [ ] Chronicles [ ] • (1993) Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397–1400: The Reign of Richard II, ed. Chris Given-Wilson. Manchester: Manchester University Press.. Chronicles, ed.

Geoffrey Brereton. London: Penguin.. • (1977) Historia Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi, ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.. Knighton's Chronicle 1337–1396, ed.

Oxford: Clarendon Press.. 2 vols., ed..

London: Longman, Roberts, and Green Secondary sources [ ] • Alexander, Jonathan; Binksi, Paul (eds.) (1987). Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400. London: Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicholson. The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.. • Bennett, Michael J.

Richard II and the Revolution of 1399. • Castor, Helen (2000). The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of Lancaster: Public Authority and Private Power, 1399–1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Dodd, Gwilym, ed.

The Reign of Richard II. • Gillespie, James; Goodman, Anthony, eds. The Age of Richard II. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.. • Gillespie, James; Goodman, Anthony, eds. Richard II: The Art of Kingship.

Oxford: Clarendon Press.. The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appellant under Richard II. • Goodman, Anthony (1992). John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex:.. Shaping the Nation: England, 1360–1461.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.. Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381. London: Temple Smith.. • (ed.) (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list () • (1973). England in the Late Middle Ages.

Painting at Court. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. The Fears of King Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King. • Saul, Nigel (2005). The Three Richards: Richard I, Richard II and Richard III.

London: Hambledon.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England. London: Fontana..

• Tuck, Anthony (2004). 'Richard II (1367–1400)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press..

External links [ ] has original works written by or about: Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • from the and. • listed by year, translated, published online by CIRCLE.

Since the thread on the M-Audio Revolution and Sonica Theater seemed to have questions about Circle Surround II I thought I might be able to provide some insight to the value this represents for sound card enthusiasts and consumers alike. I will try to address the questions brought up on the other thread.

First, since I'm new here I'll give you a little background on my history. I spent three years t Roland, inheriting the RAP-10 sound card and launching the SCD-10 and SCD-15 wavetable daughterboards. Another product I worked with was the PCMCIA Sound Canvas SCP-55. I also spent close to 5 years at Creative Labs. I was a key player in the evangelism of EAX to game developers and the successful launch of both the SB Live!

And Nomad MP3 product lines. I am now the Product Marketing Manager for Circle Surround technology at SRS Labs. M-Audio's decision to use Circle Surround II decoding in these new products suits the name of the product well, for it is a revolutionary step in consumer sound cards. To address one specific question from the M-Audio thread: 'Is circle surround II on this card the same as the one found in the $10,000 Theta CB2 pre-amp? ' Yes, but it is now more advanced. Theta Digital manufactures high end AV Receivers that feature Circle Surround decoding (5.1). They presently do not offer CSII, but are evaluating it.

CS or CSII decoding are also available from Kenwood, Marantz, Theta, Accuphase, Jaton, Gemini and more are in the works! (I'd tell you but I'd have to kill you) SRS began with a strong presence in the sound card market with the original, Hughes Aircraft developed technology known as 'SRS'. SRS was a 3D stereo imaging enhancement that blew away basic stereo.

SRS 'Wow' technology features SRS 3D as part of it. Circle Surround is not based on SRS 3D to create virtual surround. It is the real deal. Pro Logic and PLII are methods for decoding Dolby Surround (four channel L, C, R, S) encoded material into 4.0 (PL) or 5.1 (PLII). For over 20 years this model has aged and is now long-in-the-tooth given the multidude of new surround formats today.

Besides, with a discrete digital format to promote, it appears that little attention has been given to improving upon it (other than the basic 5.1 PLII offering). Circle Surround was developed by a company called Rocktron as a surround format specifically designed for music. SRS purchased it from Rocktron and after years of R & D, they refined Circle Surround into a flexible world-class encode/decode solution that rivals discrete digital formats. The CS encoder is a 6.1 encode (L, C, R, LS, RS, CS, LFE)!

CSII Decoding has a Mono mode (for mono content), Music Mode (for stereo content) and Cinema mode (for surround encoded content). CS encoded material can be decoded using PL, PLII, Neo 6, Logic 7, CS, or CSII, up to the limitations of the decoder being used. WHAT CSII DECODING DO FOR YOU Mono to 6.1 Stereo to 6.1 Dolby Surround decoding to 6.1 Full bandwidth in each channel SRS Dialog Clarity (option to improve dialog intelligibilty) SRS TruBass (option to greatly enhance bass response) Improved steering (over older surround formats) Improved channel separation (over older surround formats) TV IN CIRCLE SURROUND ESPN recently chose Circle Surround encoding for the NFL, NHL, NBA and X-Games.

Watch the next NFL game on ESPN and you'll see the 'Presented in Circle Surround' logo in the upper left hand corner. Currently, NBC is using CS with 'Frasier', and CBS is doing so with 'Becker'. However, neither of these have logos yet (in progress). If you don't have a CS decoder, you may use PL or PLII if you'd like, but CSII provides optimum results.

Surround Expo 2002 just finished last week and response to CS was incredible. SUMMARY Sorry I was a little long winded here, but there's a lot to say upon introduction.

The bottom line: Circle Surround breaks new ground by allowing delivery of modern day, 5.1 or 6.1 multichannel content in as little as 44kbps. We are exploring the tools necessary to allow the creation of CS encoded content for streaming 6.1 over the Internet.

This would be great for things like the movie trailers at Apple's web site (hint hint.if anyone knows any decision makers at Apple that could get them to develop a QT encoding plug in for CS.I'll get them the code) I can't say enough good things about M-Audio. We've been testing the the M-Audio stuff here and I think it will be a huge hit.

They have a long history of attention to detail and quality. CSII has no relationship to AC3 or DTS. It can decode Dolby Surround encoded content, which is different than either of these two formats you mentioned. Both of those are discrete and proprietary methods of decoding that serve one specific purpose. While most of us likely use AC3 or DTS for playback of DVDs, these formats are relatively inflexible in how they can be delivered. The bitstreams are too large to easily transmit over existing broadcast infrastructures, or to stream over the Internet. For example, if you started with basic two channel stereo source material and encoded it in AC3 as stereo and assigned the channels (appropriately) to the Left and Right speakers, the only thing any AC3 decoder can do with it is play it in stereo, through the Left and Right speaker.

What you encode is what you get (WYEIWYG?). If you play an analog or digital PCM stereo signal back through a Circle Surround II decoder, you'll get a very compelling 6.1 surround from it. If it is music, and the CSII decoder is in music mode, dependingon the source material, you will most likely have a strong vocal soundstage up front (through the Left, Center and Right speakers), with emphasis on instrumentation in the rears. There is still solid separation among the speakers in this mode. Most AV receivers lock into AC3 or DTS mode once either of those bitstreams is received, and thus do not allow you to alter their stream easily.

I realize that you can't do much with an encoded bitstream but I figured that since most of us will be using the Revolution with decoded output (from WinDVD or PDVD, etc) that the Revolution CSII drivers could do something with the multi-channel output at that point. I guess I was a little confused. So CSII is akin to DPLII in the sense that it takes a 2-channel signal and processes it, like the way videogame makers are using DPLII on the Gamecube for surround because it only has analog output. As I mentioned in the REVO discussion, CSII to me is far superior to DPLII, Logic 7, etc.

Only Holosonics is somewhat better, but is a deadend technology now. Meridian's proprietary system is very close and maybe slightly better, but at a very high price. It would be nice if in the development of this card you put in the software for decoding the center front and back into an overhead channel.

I have talked to Smart Devices about this and they may do this with their next product, but at double what the REVO will cost. Here's hoping M-Audio redoes their software for the 1010 to include CSII decoding. Then I won't have to buy a REVO for external source decoding.

This is a great forum to have industry leaders visit and share. Kurt - Thanks for joining. I'm trying to pull together a new configuration in anticipation of receiving the m-audio soon.

I'm wanting to bring DTS into my environment as well as 7.1. With my current 5.1 receiver I would like to feed the amp with the coax digital out from the card and feed a second receiver with the two new channels from the discrete output of the card. I cant feed the amps of the receivers since they have no pre-amp input feeds. My question is: Will the Pioneer 5.1 chip be able to ignore the added digital info for the two new channels it cant support or will the DSP loose its mind and choke on the data feed? Second question is: Will the m-audio output DTS to the different discrete outputs and allow me to enjoy DTS media even though I have not DTS decoders in my rack? I'm looking forward to having SRS CSII show its stuff and bring more life to my sound envelope than just listening to DVD encoded media.

Quote: Will the Pioneer 5.1 chip be able to ignore the added digital info for the two new channels it cant support or will the DSP loose its mind and choke on the data feed? The S/PDIF on a soundcard usually carries just 2 channel pcm or undecoded DD/DTS multichannel which is then decoded by your receiver. If you are using the Circle Surround technology to expand a 2 channel file or source to 7.1 channels, the full 7.1 is most likely output only on the card's analog outputs. Since the Revolution does not include DD/DTS encoding (which is a lossy process by the way), the card's S/PDIF-out when expanding 2 channel to 7.1 would most likely be just the Front Left and Front Right of the 7.1 and sent to the receiver in the form of 2 channel pcm. Quote: Will the m-audio output DTS to the different discrete outputs and allow me to enjoy DTS media even though I have not DTS decoders in my rack?

If you are decoding the DTS in your computer, it is up to the software DVD player or application to decode the DTS. If decoded, it is most likely output on the Revolution's analog outputs (which means your receiver requires analog inputs). If you were using the card's S/PDIF-out, since the DTS is already decoded you would most likely be outputing the Front Left and Front Right only as pcm to your receiver. If you are using S/PDIF 'passthrough' to bypass decoding on the computer and to send to your receiver for decoding, then if your receiver does not have a DTS decoder there is no way for the DTS signal to be decoded.

Quote: Originally posted by Bill Gaw2 Here's hoping M-Audio redoes their software for the 1010 to include CSII decoding. Then I won't have to buy a REVO for external source decoding. Bill I doubt very much we'll see this, since CSII is a consumer oriented feature and the 1010 is a professional oriented product (different division and functionality goals).

However, I'd like to see a '1010' oriented consumer product with 24/192 DACs, unbalanced/balanced 7.1 analog output, digital I/O and most importantly, enough DSP horsepower to do CSII, bass management, etc. I suspect that I'm dreaming in Technicolor though.:D. Sherbona is correct. CSII decoding is for the analog outputs of the card. I am pretty certain they're not including an on-the-fly DTS or AC3 encoder on board (although that would be really cool for playing stereo or mono content through an external, non-CSII receiver!). *note* There is a professional Circle Surround re-purposing tool that is sold to post production and authoring houses for taking existing stereo content and creating 7 channel output which can then be encoded into DTS audio, DVD-Audio, or other formats.

The re-purposing tool is designed to work with any ASIO compliant piece like the Delta 1010. The DACs may be different than the 1010, and the I/O on the Revo probably isn't balanced like the 1010 is, but the CS portion is identical to the pro re-purposing tool to my knowledge. Quote: Originally posted by Sherbona MrPenPad, I'm not Kurt, but I'd thought I'd jump in here with a little info.

The S/PDIF on a soundcard usually carries just 2 channel pcm or undecoded DD/DTS multichannel which is then decoded by your receiver. If you are using the Circle Surround technology to expand a 2 channel file or source to 7.1 channels, the full 7.1 is most likely output only on the card's analog outputs. Since the Revolution does not include DD/DTS encoding (which is a lossy process by the way), the card's S/PDIF-out when expanding 2 channel to 7.1 would most likely be just the Front Left and Front Right of the 7.1 and sent to the receiver in the form of 2 channel pcm. If you are decoding the DTS in your computer, it is up to the software DVD player or application to decode the DTS. If decoded, it is most likely output on the Revolution's analog outputs (which means your receiver requires analog inputs). If you were using the card's S/PDIF-out, since the DTS is already decoded you would most likely be outputing the Front Left and Front Right only as pcm to your receiver. If you are using S/PDIF 'passthrough' to bypass decoding on the computer and to send to your receiver for decoding, then if your receiver does not have a DTS decoder there is no way for the DTS signal to be decoded.

Sherbona - Thanks for jumping in. I'm still confused abit though. If I am watching a DVD with DD 7.1, TheaterTek (TT) will send the 8 different digital signals out the coax (L,R,C,MR,ML,SR,SL,LFE). No SRS CSII in the picture at this point. At the same time these signals are exiting the coax digital port I'm assuming that the same audio equivelants are being pushed out the 4 mini-earphone audio jacks as well. I am also assuming that these signals can are being modified by SRS CSII which is well and good but not neccessary nor always preferred which in this instance is not.

So I've got 8 independant digital signals on their way to the coax digial input on my receiver but my receiver is only DD 5.1 not DD7.1. How will the decoder chip in the receiver respond to the two extra data streams? Will it choke or just ignore them?

I guess this is a question for the manufacturer of the software on the DSP. Just wondering if anyone might have some insite or experience to give me a heads up on what to expect. Back to the m-audio card - I'm thinking that it will present all data streams from the 7.1 DD DVD to each of the analog out jacks and allow the 7.1 DD data stream to flow out the coax port at the same time??

This is a big question. Not all dvd players or sound cards allow this. 'At the same time these signals are exiting the coax digital port I'm assuming that the same audio equivelants are being pushed out the 4 mini-earphone audio jacks as well.'

No they are not. It's either digital or analog output, not both at the same time. 'So I've got 8 independant digital signals on their way to the coax digial input on my receiver but my receiver is only DD 5.1 not DD7.1.

How will the decoder chip in the receiver respond to the two extra data streams? Will it choke or just ignore them?' You are not sending 8 independent digital signals over S/PDIF. All channels be it 5.1 or 6.1 are compressed into packets of data that are transmitted over the stereo S/PDIF left/right channels. The packets are then sent to the decoder in you receiver to be decoded into independent PCM channels and sent to the DACs. AC-3 6.1 derives the rear center channel from data contained in the L/R surround channels and DTS 6.1 discrete has an extra channel encoded in the packets. You 5.1 decoder will have no problem with the extra channel (if it is not a decoder with known problem).

'Back to the m-audio card - I'm thinking that it will present all data streams from the 7.1 DD DVD to each of the analog out jacks and allow the 7.1 DD data stream to flow out the coax port at the same time??' First there is no 7.1 channel Dolby Digital DVDs or DTS either or CSII. Again you don't get digital and analog output at the same time. The Virtual 6.1 and Virtual 7.1 on Revo is derived from the content of other channels. For example you are using Circle Surround II to decode a stereo signal in a 7.1 speaker system. CSII will generate 6.1 channels and if Virtual 7.1 is enabled in the Control Panel Revo reproduces the left back channel from CSII and sends it to the right back channel.

One note about the Revo Virtual settings. They are 'smart' features, meaning it produces the extra channels only if a real signal is not present. This is all very interesting. So I can output the waveaudio of my HDTV card to process it to CSII? I'm so used to watching most TV and listening to music in PLII I don't know how I ever did without it. If it's better I'm all for it. The Revo will not be able to process ASIO2 output with CSII will it?

I know the whole basis of ASIO is to get as perfect output as possible, but it would be nice to be able to process it too. I'm sure many of us will be using the Winamp ASIO plug-in w/CD Reader, or MediaJukebox ASIO. I do that now in conjunction with my receivers DPLII music mode.

I didn't expect this topic. Smart devices is an SRS licensee. CS-3X is another SRS technology that Smart has licensed for pro cinema applications. Essentially it is CSII decoding without rendering the front three speakers. So it provides LS, CS, RS and an optional top surround while leaving the front array for a different technology or process to be used. It doesn't really have applications for the HTPC world.

CSII is IDEAL for car stereos because most cars have at least four speakers placed around the listener. There currently are no CSII decoder head units. The problems are three-fold. First, it takes a long time to get new technologies integrated into car head units. For some reason the process from chip integration to finished product can be as long as two years (yikes!) Second, the head unit manufacturers need to hear from enthusiasts like yourselves.

They don't get many phone calls for things like this, whether it's to request PLII CSII, Satellite radio, whatever. If you like CSII I recommend calling or writing to Kenwood, Alpine, Pioneer and others to let them know it is a feature you'd like to have. This also applies to the encoding side, where companies like Sirius and XM Radio have cableTV audio broadcasts that likely began as 5.1 audio sources. These satellite radio providers could easily encode this material into CS before sending it out over their two channel infrastructure. That would make the surround information exactly as the producers intended it to be heard, but from the comfort of your car! Third, there is seldom a center channel on the dashboard, although phantom center still sounds great for this application. The thing to remember about this kind of decoding is that people in the rear seats will be hearing more ambient information than vocals so the experience is different for those seated in the rear of the car.

From the front seats I personally think it's awesome. Kenwood is set to unleash an incredible line of head units that feature SRS WOW, MP3 CD playback, WMA file support, and much more. Since car speakers are usually much smaller than home systems, WOW has a tremendous impact on the ability to hear your car stereo, as well as improving the apparent size and quality of them. When these hit the market, be sure to check with your local dealer and hear first hand what I mean. Especially if you own a convertible:-). Sorry, but both the CS-3X and their MM-1 unit decode for Front left, Center, right, and back right and left for stereo and Dolby pro logic encoded material.

If you already have a DD or DTS signal, you can then use either decoder to derive in between channels, such as a let or right center from the left or right with the front center channel, or a rear back channel from the left and right side channels, or an overhead channel from the front and back center channel of DD or DTS 6.1 or 7.1. Each unit has the outputs to derive any of the above signals, so they are not just for back channel information. Does CSII have a 'music mode' a la DPL II-MUSIC or DTS NEO:6-MUSIC? Or maybe it doesn't need it??? When it comes to music, I guess I'm one of the last 2-channel holdouts.

The way I figure it, most every CD I have was mixed specifically for 2 channel playback, and I don't want any multi-channel decoder putting the bass player BEHIND me. (The backup singers MAYBE - after all they're BACKUP singers, right???;)) I've heard some bad things about unnatural 'show-off' mixing in SACD/DVD-A, so I'm in no hurry to join the bleeding edge on that. Conversely, I HAVE heard some GOOD things about NEO:6-MUSIC. What sorts of things could I expect to hear from my rear channel speakers if I run 2-channel CD audio through CSII?